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<title>High-performance computing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">High-performance computing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="High-throughput_computing" title="High-throughput computing">High-throughput computing</a> or <a href="Many-task_computing" title="Many-task computing">Many-task computing</a>.</div>

<p><b>High-performance computing</b> (<b>HPC</b>) is the use of <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> and <a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">computer clusters</a> to solve advanced computation problems.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>HPC integrates <a href="Systems_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems administrator">systems administration</a> (including network and security knowledge) and <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel programming</a> into a multidisciplinary field that combines <a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a>, <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <a href="System_software" title="System software">system software</a>, <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and computational techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-tstc2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstc2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

HPC technologies are the tools and systems used to implement and create high performance computing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, HPC systems have shifted from supercomputing to computing <a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> and <a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tstc2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstc2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the need of networking in clusters and grids, High Performance Computing Technologies are being promoted by the use of a <a href="Collapsed_backbone_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapsed backbone network">collapsed network backbone</a>, because the collapsed backbone architecture is simple to troubleshoot and upgrades can be applied to a single router as opposed to multiple ones. HPC integrates with data analytics in <a href="Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI engineering</a> workflows to generate new data streams that increase simulation ability to answer the "what if" questions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term is most commonly associated with computing used for scientific research or <a href="Computational_science" title="Computational science">computational science</a>. A related term, <a href="High-performance_technical_computing" title="High-performance technical computing">high-performance technical computing</a> (HPTC), generally refers to the engineering applications of cluster-based computing (such as <a href="Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> and the building and testing of <a href="Virtual_prototypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual prototypes">virtual prototypes</a>). HPC has also been applied to <a href="Business" title="Business">business</a> uses such as <a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouses</a>, <a href="Line_of_business" title="Line of business">line of business</a> (LOB) applications, and <a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a>.

</p><p>High-performance computing (HPC) as a term arose after the term "supercomputing".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HPC is sometimes used as a synonym for supercomputing; but, in other contexts, "supercomputer" is used to refer to a more powerful subset of "high-performance computers", and the term "supercomputing" becomes a subset of "high-performance computing". The potential for confusion over the use of these terms is apparent.

</p><p>Because most current applications are not designed for HPC technologies but are retrofitted, they are not designed or tested for scaling to more powerful processors or machines.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since networking clusters and grids use <a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiple processors</a> and computers, these scaling problems can cripple critical systems in future supercomputing systems. Therefore, either the existing tools do not address the needs of the high performance computing community or the HPC community is unaware of these tools.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few examples of commercial HPC technologies include:

</p>

<ul><li>the simulation of car crashes for structural design</li>

<li>molecular interaction for new drug design</li>

<li>the airflow over automobiles or airplanes</li></ul>

<p>In government and research institutions, scientists simulate <a href="Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">galaxy formation and evolution</a>, fusion energy, and global warming, as well as work to create more accurate short- and long-term weather forecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-drdobbs2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drdobbs2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's tenth most powerful supercomputer in 2008, <a href="IBM_Roadrunner" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Roadrunner">IBM Roadrunner</a> (located at the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simulated the performance, safety, and reliability of nuclear weapons and certifies their functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a></div>

<p>TOP500 ranks the world's 500 fastest high-performance computers, as measured by the <a href="HPL_(benchmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="HPL (benchmark)">High Performance LINPACK</a> (HPL) benchmark. Not all existing computers are ranked, either because they are ineligible (e.g., they cannot run the HPL benchmark) or because their owners have not submitted an HPL score (e.g., because they do not wish the size of their system to become public information, for defense reasons). In addition, the use of the single LINPACK benchmark is controversial, in that no single measure can test all aspects of a high-performance computer. To help overcome the limitations of the LINPACK test, the U.S. government commissioned one of its originators, <a href="Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> of the University of Tennessee, to create a suite of benchmark tests that includes LINPACK and others, called the HPC Challenge benchmark suite. This evolving suite has been used in some HPC procurements, but, because it is not reducible to a single number, it has been unable to overcome the publicity advantage of the less useful TOP500 LINPACK test. The TOP500 list is updated twice a year, once in June at the ISC European Supercomputing Conference and again at a US Supercomputing Conference in November.

</p><p>Many ideas for the new wave of <a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> were originally borrowed from HPC.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_performance_computing_in_the_cloud">High performance computing in the cloud</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div>

<p>Traditionally, HPC has involved an <a href="On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises</a> infrastructure, investing in supercomputers or computer clusters. Over the last decade, <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> has grown in popularity for offering computer resources in the commercial sector regardless of their investment capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some characteristics like scalability and <a href="OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">containerization</a> also have raised interest in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">security in the cloud</a> concerns such as data confidentiality are still considered when deciding between cloud or on-premise HPC resources.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_leading_Supercomputers">Current leading Supercomputers</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_fastest_computers" title="List of fastest computers">List of fastest computers</a></div>

<p>Below is a list of the main HPCs by computing power, as reported in the Top500 list:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="El_Capitan_(supercomputer)" title="El Capitan (supercomputer)">El Capitan</a>: this HPE Cray EX255a system reaches 1.742 <a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">exaFLOPS</a> with 1,051,392 <a href="CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> cores and 9,988,224 accelerator cores, totaling 11,039,616 cores. It uses Slingshot-11 interconnect technology and is housed at the <a href="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Frontier_(supercomputer)" title="Frontier (supercomputer)">Frontier</a>: boasting 1.353 exaFLOPS, this HPE Cray EX235a system features 614,656 CPU cores and 8,451,520 accelerator cores, making a total of 9,066,176 cores. It operates with Slingshot-11 interconnects at <a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aurora_(supercomputer)" title="Aurora (supercomputer)">Aurora</a>: this Intel-powered system delivers 1.012 exaFLOPS, leveraging <a href="Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> and Ponte Vecchio architectures. It is installed at <a href="Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li>Eagle: powered by Intel Xeon Platinum 8480C 48C 2GHz processors and NVIDIA H100 GPUs, Eagle reaches 561.20 petaFLOPS of computing power, with 2,073,600 cores. It features NVIDIA Infiniband NDR for high-speed connectivity and is hosted by <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="HPC_(Eni)" title="HPC (Eni)">HPC6</a>: the most powerful industrial supercomputer in the world, HPC6 was developed by <a href="Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> and launched in November 2024. With 606 petaFLOPS of computing power, it is used for energy research and operates in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It is located in the Eni Green Data Center in <a href="Ferrera_Erbognone" title="Ferrera Erbognone">Ferrera Erbognone</a> (PV).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fugaku_(supercomputer)" title="Fugaku (supercomputer)">Fugaku</a>: developed by <a href="Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, this system achieves 442.01 petaFLOPS using A64FX 48C 2.2GHz processors and Tofu interconnect D technology. It is located at <a href="Riken" title="Riken">RIKEN</a> Center for Computational Science, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Alps_(supercomputer)" title="Alps (supercomputer)">Alps</a>: this HPE Cray EX254n system reaches 434.90 petaFLOPS, powered by <a href="NVIDIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA">NVIDIA</a> Grace 72C 3.1GHz processors and NVIDIA GH200 Superchips, connected through Slingshot-11 interconnects. It is located at <a href="Swiss_National_Supercomputing_Centre" title="Swiss National Supercomputing Centre">CSCS</a>, <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="LUMI" title="LUMI">LUMI</a>: one of Europe's fastest supercomputers, LUMI achieves 379.70 petaFLOPS with <a href="AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz processors and AMD Instinct MI250X accelerators. It is hosted by <a href="CSC_%E2%80%93_IT_Center_for_Science" title="CSC – IT Center for Science">CSC</a>, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, as part of the <a href="European_High-Performance_Computing_Joint_Undertaking" title="European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking">EuroHPC</a> initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Leonardo_(supercomputer)" title="Leonardo (supercomputer)">Leonardo</a>: developed under the EuroHPC initiative, this <a href="BullSequana" title="BullSequana">BullSequana</a> XH2000 system reaches 241.20 petaFLOPS with <a href="Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> Platinum 8358 32C 2.6GHz processors and NVIDIA A100 SXM4 64GB accelerators. It is installed at <a href="CINECA" title="CINECA">CINECA</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li>Tuolumne: Tuolumne achieves 208.10 petaFLOPS and is powered by AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz processors and AMD Instinct MI300A accelerators. It operates at <a href="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="MareNostrum" title="MareNostrum">MareNostrum</a> 5 ACC: this BullSequana XH3000 system runs at 175.30 petaFLOPS, featuring Xeon Platinum 8460Y+ 32C 2.3GHz processors and NVIDIA H100 64GB accelerators. It is hosted by the <a href="Barcelona_Supercomputing_Center" title="Barcelona Supercomputing Center">Barcelona Supercomputing Center</a> (BSC), <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, as part of EuroHPC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacomputing" title="Metacomputing">Metacomputing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Challenge">Grand Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Productivity_Computing_Systems" title="High Productivity Computing Systems">High Productivity Computing Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="High-availability_cluster" title="High-availability cluster">High-availability cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="High-throughput_computing" title="High-throughput computing">High-throughput computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Many-task_computing" title="Many-task computing">Many-task computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputing">Supercomputing</a></li>

<li><a href="Urgent_computing" title="Urgent computing">Urgent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Workstation#Current_market" title="Workstation">GPU workstation</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/launching-new-class-us-supercomputing">"Launching a New Class of U.S. Supercomputing"</a>. Department of Energy. 17 November 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-usdoe2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usdoe2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730002907/http://cio.energy.gov/high-performance-computing.htm">"High Performance Computing"</a>. US Department of Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cio.energy.gov/high-performance-computing.htm">the original</a> on 30 July 2009.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-uk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_EldredDr._Alice_GoodCarl_Adams2018" class="citation web cs1">Morgan Eldred; Dr. Alice Good; Carl Adams (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.port.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/8527525/A_case_study_on_data_protection.pdf">"A case study on data protection and security decisions in cloud HPC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_von_Alfthan2016" class="citation web cs1">Sebastian von Alfthan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csc.fi/documents/10180/187845/High-performance+computing+in+the+cloud.pdf">"High-performance computing in the cloud?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CSC – IT Center for Science.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://top500.org/lists/top500/2024/11/">"List Top 500 November 2024"</a>. Top500.org.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/amd-powered-el-capitan-is-now-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputer-with-1-7-exaflops-of-performance-fastest-intel-machine-falls-to-third-place-on-top500-list">"AMD-powered El Capitan is now the world's fastest supercomputer with 1.7 exaflops of performance"</a>. Tomshardware.com.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpe.com/asia_pac/en/compute/hpc/cray/oak-ridge-national-laboratory.html">"Frontier named one of Time's 2023 Best Inventions"</a>. Hpe.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin-magazine.com/News/Aurora-Supercomputer-Achieves-Exascale-Capacity">"Aurora Supercomputer Achieves Exascale Capacity"</a>. Admin-magazine.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/microsoft-deploying-equivalent-of-five-561-petaflops-supercomputers-every-month/">"Microsoft is deploying the equivalent of five 561 petaflops supercomputers every month"</a>. Datacenterdynamics.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eni.com/en-IT/media/press-release/2024/11/eni-launches-supercomputer-hpc6-top500-list.html">"Eni launches new supercomputer HPC6 that ranks No.5. in the TOP500 list"</a>. Eni.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2024/1119-01.html">"Supercomputer Fugaku retains first place worldwide in HPCG and Graph500 rankings"</a>. Fujitsu.com.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/swiss-national-supercomputing-centre-unveils-alps-supercomputer/">"Swiss National Supercomputing Centre unveils Alps supercomputer"</a>. Datacenterdynamics.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silicon.eu/this-is-lumi-europes-most-powerful-supercomputer-and-a-benchmark-15075.html">"This is LUMI, Europe's Most Powerful Supercomputer and a Benchmark in AI"</a>. Silicon.eu.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextplatform.com/2024/09/23/a-gpu-upgrade-for-leonardo-supercomputer-but-not-a-budget-upgrade/">"A GPU Upgrade For "Leonardo" Supercomputer But Not A Budget Upgrade"</a>. Nextplatform.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/tuolumne-el-capitan-little-brother-announced">"Tuolumne is El Capitan's Little Brother with 200+ PetaFLOPS Performance"</a>. Tomshardware.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/global-standing-eurohpc-supercomputers-three-systems-top-10-and-two-new-entries-2024-05-13_en">"Global Standing of EuroHPC Supercomputers: Three Systems in the Top 10 and Two New Entries"</a>. Eurohpc-ju.europa.eu.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.HPCwire.com">HPCwire</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org">Top 500 supercomputers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocksclusters.org">Rocks Clusters</a> Open-Source High Performance Linux Clusters</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610080201/http://www.icse.umich.edu/news-articles--policy-reports.html">News Articles & Policy Reports on High-Performance Scientific Computing</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelingimmunity.org">The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theartofhpc.com/">The Art of HPC: Textbooks by Victor Eijkhout of TACC</a>

<ul><li>Vol.1: The Science of Computing</li>

<li>Vol.2: Parallel Programming for Science Engineering</li>

<li>Vol.3: Introduction to Scientific Programming in C++17/Fortran2008</li>

<li>Vol.4: Tutorials for High Performance Scientific Computing</li></ul></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Parallel_computing346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_algorithm" title="Parallel algorithm">Parallel algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li>

<li>GPGPU software</li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustafson's_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li>

<li>GPGPU hardware</li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li>

<li><a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li>

<li><a href="Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li>

<li><a href="GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li>

<li><a href="RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Parallel computing</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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